Australian Drought Information Guide
Understanding drought conditions, impacts, and water conservation
Overview
Drought is a recurring feature of Australia's climate, with the country experiencing some of the most variable rainfall in the world. The Millennium Drought (1996-2010) was the most severe in recorded history, while the 2017-2019 drought devastated eastern Australia before the 2020 La Niña brought relief.
Unlike other natural disasters, drought is a slow-onset event that can persist for months or years. The Bureau of Meteorology monitors rainfall deficiencies, while state governments declare drought conditions using various criteria that trigger support for affected communities.
Climate change is projected to increase drought frequency and severity in southern Australia, while also increasing the intensity of flooding rains, creating a cycle of extremes that challenges water management and agriculture.
Causes & Contributing Factors
- El Niño climate pattern reducing rainfall
- Positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) blocking moisture
- Persistent high-pressure systems
- Below-average soil moisture reducing evaporation
- Climate change shifting rainfall patterns
- Natural climate variability
- Reduced cloud seeding from vegetation loss
Safety Tips
Conserve Water
Fix leaks, take shorter showers, use efficient appliances, and water gardens in early morning or evening to reduce evaporation.
Follow Water Restrictions
Obey local water restrictions. These are legally enforceable and essential for managing limited supplies.
Harvest Rainwater
Install rainwater tanks to capture what rain does fall. Even in drought, occasional rain events occur.
Plant Native Gardens
Native Australian plants are adapted to drought. They require less water and survive dry periods better than exotic species.
Maintain Mental Health
Drought has significant mental health impacts, especially in rural communities. Seek support and check on neighbours.
Plan for Water Needs
Rural properties should plan water supplies for extended drought. Consider groundwater, carting water, or destocking early.
Regional Information
Murray-Darling Basin
- Australia's food bowl - produces 40% of agricultural output
- Millennium Drought reduced inflows by 70%
- Complex water sharing between states
- Environmental water critical for river health
Frequently Asked Questions
Drought Development Signs
- Below-average rainfall for several months
- Falling dam and reservoir levels
- Water restrictions implemented
- Reduced stream and river flows
- Dropping groundwater levels
- Vegetation stress and browning
- Increased dust storms
- Livestock feed shortages
Seasonal Risk Pattern
High evaporation increases water stress. Hot weather accelerates drought impacts.
Critical period - autumn break needed for cropping. Delayed rains extend drought.
Southern Australia's wet season. Crucial for dam recharge and cropping.
Soil moisture critical for crop development. Late frost can compound drought impacts.