Climate Drivers

Learn what is the polar vortex and how this high-altitude atmospheric circulation drives extreme winter weather patterns across the globe. Discover

Learn how do monsoons form through seasonal wind reversals and land-sea heating contrasts that drive global precipitation patterns. Find out

Learn how do heatwaves form through high-pressure systems, blocking patterns, and adiabatic warming to create extreme temperature events. Discover

Southern Annular Mode formation occurs through shifting pressure gradients between middle latitudes and Antarctica. Learn how this driver impacts climate.

Learn how do sudden stratospheric warmings form through planetary wave breaking and polar vortex disruption. See the physics behind these winter events.

Learn how does the Madden-Julian Oscillation form through tropical convective activity and atmospheric circulation patterns. Get the full guide to Read

Learn how Indian Ocean Dipole formation occurs through air-sea interaction and shifts in the equatorial thermocline during the tropical winter. Find out

Learn how does La Niña form through ocean-atmosphere coupling and trade wind shifts. Explore the ENSO cycle and see how Pacific cooling impacts weather.

Learn how does El Niño form when trade winds weaken and ocean temperatures shift across the Pacific. Understand the science behind the ENSO cycle and

Learn how does the jet stream form through global temperature gradients and the Coriolis effect. See how these high-altitude winds drive global weather.

Learn how do low-pressure systems form through surface convergence and upper-level divergence to drive cloud and rain. Follow this guide to Discover

Record ocean warmth could alter the Super El Niño Australia impact and seasonal rainfall. Review how marine heatwaves change the Bureau drought outlook.