Ice Crystals

Learn how do ice storms form when supercooled water droplets strike frozen surfaces during a thermal inversion. Explore the science of freezing rain and

Learn how does intra-cloud lightning form through charge separation in cumulonimbus clouds and how vertical updrafts trigger this electrical discharge.

How do blizzards form through cyclogenesis and pressure gradients? Study the specific wind and visibility criteria that define these winter storms.

How do snowflakes form from water vapour in the atmosphere? Explore the physics of hexagonal symmetry and the nucleation process in cold clouds. Discover

How does frost form? Learn how water vapour changes to ice through deposition and radiative cooling on clear nights. See why ground frost appears. Read

How does freezing fog form in sub-zero air? Learn why supercooled water droplets turn to rime ice on contact with cold surfaces in Australia. Find out

How do contrails form from jet exhaust in cold air? Learn why ice crystals appear behind aircraft and how atmospheric water vapour affects them. Discover

Wondering how do fallstreak clouds form? Learn how supercooled water droplets and aircraft triggers create these unique hole punch cloud gaps and virga.

Polar stratospheric clouds form in extreme cold below -78°C and influence ozone depletion. Learn how these nacreous clouds develop and glow in the sky.

How do mammatus clouds form via sinking air and ice sublimation? Learn how these pouch-like storm features develop under thunderstorm anvils and Read.

How do cirrus clouds form in the upper troposphere? Learn how the deposition process and atmospheric water vapour create high-altitude ice crystals. Read

The anthelion phenomenon is a rare white light spot opposite the sun. Use this guide to understand how ice crystals create it in the Australian sky. Learn