Cloud Science & Identification

How does sea fog form? See how warm air moves over cold water and cools to its dew point temperature to create dense marine advection fog. Learn

How does freezing fog form in sub-zero air? Learn why supercooled water droplets turn to rime ice on contact with cold surfaces in Australia. Find out

Valley fog formation occurs when radiative cooling and drainage flow trap moist air in low terrain overnight. Understand how temperature inversions work.

Learn how upslope fog formation occurs through orographic lifting and adiabatic cooling on Australian mountain slopes. See how moist air reaches

Advection fog formation happens when moist air cools over cold surfaces. Learn how temperature gradients and marine layers create coastal fog. Discover

How does radiation fog form? Learn about the roles of terrestrial radiation, clear skies, and calm winds in cooling the boundary layer to saturation. Read

How do contrails form from jet exhaust in cold air? Learn why ice crystals appear behind aircraft and how atmospheric water vapour affects them. Discover

Wondering how do fallstreak clouds form? Learn how supercooled water droplets and aircraft triggers create these unique hole punch cloud gaps and virga.

Pileus cloud formation occurs when strong updrafts lift moist air to form smooth caps above storms. See how these accessory clouds signal storm growth.

Learn how Kelvin–Helmholtz clouds Australia form from wind shear and see why these breaking wave patterns appear on layered cloud decks. Read

Understand how noctilucent clouds formation occurs when water vapour freezes on meteor smoke nuclei near the mesopause. Discover how they glow. Learn

Polar stratospheric clouds form in extreme cold below -78°C and influence ozone depletion. Learn how these nacreous clouds develop and glow in the sky.